Deep brain stimulation has been extensively studied as a therapeutic option for treatment-
resistant depression (TRD). DBS across different targets is associated with on average 60 …

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the
treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects …

The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine has attracted enormous
interest in mental health research owing to its rapid antidepressant actions, but its …

The brain reward circuit has a central role in reinforcing behaviors that are rewarding and
preventing behaviors that lead to punishment. Recent work has shown that the lateral …

We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …

Prolonged behavioral challenges can cause animals to switch from active to passive coping
strategies to manage effort-expenditure during stress; such normally adaptive behavioral …

The role of serotonin in depression and antidepressant treatment remains unresolved
despite decades of research. In this paper, we make three major claims. First, serotonin …

Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate
behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such …

The lateral habenula (LHb), a key regulator of monoaminergic brain regions, is activated by
negatively valenced events. Its hyperactivity is associated with depression. Although …