The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

The study of the gut microbiome has increasingly revealed an important role in modulating
brain function and mental health. In this review, we underscore specific pathways and …

Previous attempts to identify a unified theory of brain serotonin function have largely failed to
achieve consensus. In this present synthesis, we integrate previous perspectives with new …

Background Interactions between the digestive system and the brain functions have become
in recent years an important field of psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions …

Chronic pain, as a stress state, is one of the critical factors for determining depression, and
their coexistence tends to further aggravate the severity of both disorders. Unfortunately …

Depression occurrence is two to three times higher in people with diabetes mellitus, the
majority of the cases remaining under-diagnosed. The purpose of this review was to show …

BackgroundC-reactive protein (CRP) is a candidate biomarker for major depressive disorder
(MDD), but it is unclear how peripheral CRP levels relate to the heterogeneous clinical …

Depression is the most prevalent and among the most debilitating of psychiatric disorders.
The precise neurobiology of this illness is unknown. Several lines of evidence suggest that …

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide. The burden of disease for
depression goes beyond functioning and quality of life and extends to somatic health …

The “serotonin hypothesis” of clinical depression is almost 50 years old. At its simplest, the
hypothesis proposes that diminished activity of serotonin pathways plays a causal role in the …