Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane layer which constrains uptake and
secretion of solutes and polypeptides. To overcome this barrier, bacteria have developed …

Bacterial protein toxins alter eukaryotic cellular processes and enable bacteria to
successfully colonize their hosts. In recent years, there has been increased recognition that …

Helicobacter pylori was already present in the stomach of primitive humans as they left
Africa and spread through the world. Today, it still chronically infects more than 50% of the …

The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori produces the cytotoxin VacA, which is
implicated in the genesis of gastric epithelial lesions. By transfect ing HEp‐2 cells with DNAs …

VacA toxin from the cancer-inducing bacterium Helicobacter pylori is currently classified as a
pore-forming toxin but is also considered a multifunctional toxin, apparently causing many …

Virulence mechanisms underlying Helicobacter pylori persistence and disease remain
poorly understood, in part, because the factors underlying disease risk are multifactorial and …

The type IV secretion machinery encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (PAI) of
Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in a series of host responses during infection. Here …

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium associated with gastritis, peptic ulceration,
and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, secretes a protein toxin, VacA, that causes vacuolar …

The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin gene, vacA, is naturally polymorphic, the two
most diverse regions being the signal region (which can be type s1 or s2) and the mid …

Helicobacter pylori infections can induce pathologies ranging from chronic gastritis, peptic
ulceration to gastric cancer. Bacterial isolates harbor numerous well-known adhesins …