Exosomes are messengers of intercellular communication in monolayer vesicles derived
from cells. It affects the pathophysiological process of the body in various diseases, such as …

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly spread worldwide, causing an ongoing global
pandemic. While the respiratory system is the most common site of infection, a significant …

Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis
and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can …

Small extracellular vesicles (SEV) have attracted much attention both as mediators of
intercellular communication and as drug delivery systems. In addition, recent studies have …

Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles (EVs) predominantly present in bodily fluids,
participate in various physiological processes. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation …

Immune responses can severely perturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. As a protein-
folding factory and dynamic calcium storage compartment, the ER plays a pivotal role in …

Autophagic impairment was identified in many lysosomal storage diseases and adult
neurodegenerative diseases. It seems that this defect could be directly related to the …

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes severe liver diseases, including hepatitis, liver cirrhosis,
and hepatocellular carcinoma, which have high morbidity and mortality. Antibody targeting …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In
this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pathogenic factors …

It is believed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles are released through the canonical
secretory route: from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), via the Golgi, to the plasma …