Background Excessive exposure of the skin to UV radiation (UVR) triggers a remodeling of
the immune system and leads to the photoaging state which is reminiscent of chronological …

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is the most important enzyme system catalyzing
the phase 1 metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics such as herbal remedies …

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an eczematous, pruritic skin disorder with extensive barrier
dysfunction and elevated interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signatures. The barrier dysfunction …

Abstract Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is frequently expressed in many types of cancers
exerting a pleiotropic and multifaceted role in genesis or promotion of carcinogenesis and …

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is primarily recognized for its detrimental effects such as
cancerogenesis, skin aging, eye damage, and autoimmune disorders. With exception of …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating the
expression of genes, for instance encoding the monooxygenases cytochrome P450 (CYP) …

The epidermis forms a barrier that defends the body from desiccation and entry of harmful
substances, while also sensing and integrating environmental signals. The tightly …

The skin, a self-regulating protective barrier organ, is empowered with sensory and
computing capabilities to counteract the environmental stressors to maintain and restore …

The role traditionally assigned to astrocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS)
lesions has been the formation of the glial scar once inflammation has subsided. Astrocytes …

After entering tissues, monocytes differentiate into cells that share functional features with
either macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). How monocyte fate is directed toward …