Climate refugia, locations where taxa survive periods of regionally adverse climate, are
thought to be critical for maintaining biodiversity through the glacial–interglacial climate …

Climate change in the past has led to significant changes in species' distributions. However,
how individual species respond to climate change depends largely on their adaptations and …

The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago–present) were a major factor
in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and …

The term 'refugia'was originally used to describe the restricted full-glacial locations of
modern mid-and high-latitude taxa, especially trees and shrubs. We discuss the extension of …

Ecological niche models (ENMs) provide a means of characterizing the spatial distribution of
suitable conditions for species, and have recently been applied to the challenge of locating …

Summary 1 The Pleistocene is an important period for assessing the impact of climate
change on biodiversity. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago), large …

Some decades ago, biogeographers distinguished three major faunal types of high
importance for Europe:(i) Mediterranean elements with exclusive glacial survival in the …

Abstract Aim The southern European peninsulas (Iberian, Italian and Balkan) are
considered to have been refugia for many European species of plants and animals during …

Abstract Background Wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) are globally widely distributed, and their
populations have increased in Europe during recent decades. Encounters between humans …

Apart from the current human-induced climate change, the Holocene is notable for its stable
climate. In contrast, the preceding age, the Pleistocene, was a time of intensive climatic …