Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term
functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained …

Trained immunity is a long-term increase in responsiveness of innate immune cells, induced
by certain infections and vaccines. During the last 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic …

Abstract Type-1 and type-3 interferons (IFNs) are important for control of viral replication;
however, less is known about the role of Type-2 IFN (IFNγ) in anti-viral immunity. We …

Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive
characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non …

BCG vaccination has beneficial off-target (“nonspecific”) effects on nonmycobacterial
infections. On this premise, trials set out to investigate whether BCG provides off-target …

ABSTRACT Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been hypothesized to reduce
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severity, and/or …

SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are major infectious causes of death,
with meta-analyses and population-based studies finding increased mortality in co-infected …

Abstract Objectives To test whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination would
reduce the incidence of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in older adults …

The observation of reduced COVID-19 incidence and severity in populations receiving
neonatal intradermal BCG vaccination vaccine raised the question of whether BCG can …

An estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
with the majority being vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Severe acute respiratory …