The innate immune system is composed of a network of cells including neutrophils, NK and
NKT cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells that mediate the earliest interactions …

Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced …

The ability of the human immune system to protect against infectious disease declines with
age and efficacy of vaccination reduces significantly in the elderly. Aging of the immune …

The association of age with a higher vulnerability to COVID-19 infection is a subject of major
importance. Several factors, including higher stress due to social isolation, diminished …

Immunosenescence is defined as changes in the innate and adaptive immune response
associated with increased age. The clinical consequences of immunosenescence include …

Influenza is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accumulation of
genetic mutations termed antigenic drift, allows influenza viruses to inflict yearly epidemics …

The growing gap between demand and supply for kidney transplants has led to renewed
interest in the use of expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys in an effort to increase the …

An increasing number of older people receive organ transplants for various end-stage
conditions. Although organ transplantation is an effective therapy for older patients (ie, older …

Background—Interleukin-17 (IL-17), which is predominantly produced by T helper 17 cells
distinct from T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, participates in the pathogenesis of infectious …

A hallmark of the aged immune system is impaired immunoregulation of the innate and
adaptive immune system in the periphery and also in the central nervous system (CNS) …