Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Immunostimulant effects of the dietary Spirulina (Spirulina plantensis) were studied in carp,
Cyprinus carpio. For this purpose, fish were fed with Spirulina and the parameters of non …

We identified and characterized two isoforms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) from the
goldfish, TNFα-1 and TNFα-2. At the protein level, goldfish TNFα-1 and TNFα-2 were most …

The study of innate immunity has become increasingly popular since the discovery of
homologs of many of the innate immune system components and pathways in lower …

Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses
against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line …

The purified dioscorin from yam (Dioscorea alata L. cv. Tainong 1) tuber was previously
reported (Hsu et al., 2002. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 6109–6113). In this report, we …

Fish is one of the cheapest and promising sources of animal protein; people can easily
digest 93.2% and 93.7% of fish protein and fat, respectively. Stressors including …

During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery
of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal …

The effects of a Chinese herbal mixture (CHM) composed of astragalus, angelica, hawthorn,
Licorice root and honeysuckle on immune responses and disease resistant of Nile tilapia …