Music perception involves acoustic analysis, auditory memory, auditory scene analysis,
processing of interval relations, of musical syntax and semantics, and activation of (pre) …

Startle is a fast response to sudden, intense stimuli and probably protects the organism from
injury by a predator or by a blow. The acoustic startle response (ASR) of mammals is …

The fear-potentiated startle paradigm has proven to be a useful system with which to
analyze neural systems involved in fear and anxiety. This test measures conditioned fear by …

This review describes the neuronal mechanisms underlying the mediation and modulation
of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in rats. The combination of anatomical, physiological …

Despite an explosion of research in the affective sciences during the last few decades,
interdisciplinary theories of human emotions are lacking. Here we present a neurobiological …

The startle reflex protects animals from blows or predatory attacks by quickly stiffening the
limbs, body wall and dorsal neck in the brief time period before directed evasive or …

Hearing loss often triggers an inescapable buzz (tinnitus) and causes everyday sounds to
become intolerably loud (hyperacusis), but exactly where and how this occurs in the brain is …

Orienting is the gateway to attention, the first step in processing stimulus information. This
volume examines these initial stages of information intake, focusing on the sensory and …

proposed a primary acoustic startle circuit in rats consisting of the auditory nerve,
posteroventral cochlear nucleus, an area near the ventrolateral lemniscus (VLL), nucleus …

The startle reflex is elicited by intense tactile, acoustic or vestibular stimuli. Fast
mechanoreceptors in each modality can respond to skin or head displacement. In each …