Various diseases can cause skeletal muscle atrophy, usually accompanied by inflammation,
mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, decreased protein synthesis, and enhanced …

Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is
crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused …

Abstract Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate various biological activities and
have been shown to play crucial roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression …

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an important aprotic solvent that can solubilize a wide variety
of otherwise poorly soluble polar and nonpolar molecules. This, coupled with its apparent …

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a nuclear protein that is activated by binding to
DNA lesions and catalyzes poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation of nuclear acceptor proteins, including …

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is often required for activation of
the caspase proteases that cause apoptotic cell death. Various intermembrane space (IMS) …

Although required for life, paradoxically, mitochondria are often essential for initiating
apoptotic cell death. Mitochondria regulate caspase activation and cell death through an …

Glutamate excitotoxicity is a hypothesis that states excessive glutamate causes neuronal
dysfunction and degeneration. As glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a degradative process essential for various cellular
processes. We previously demonstrated that autophagy-deficiency causes myoblast …

Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic,
necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is …