Numerous studies have indicated that the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is strictly associated with the accumulation of toxic …

Persistent, low‐grade inflammation is now considered a hallmark feature of chronic kidney
disease (CKD), being involved in the development of all‐cause mortality of these patients …

The 2017 annual symposium organized by the University Medical Center Groningen in The
Netherlands focused on the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease …

Dysbiosis represents changes in composition and structure of the gut microbiome
community (microbiome), which may dictate the physiological phenotype (health or …

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a
metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for …

The human gut harbors> 100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the nutrition,
metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we review the quantitative …

If chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an impairment of kidney function, several
uremic solutes are retained. Some of these exert toxic effects, which are called uremic …

Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex
network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as …

Also known as the “second human genome,” the gut microbiome plays important roles in
both the maintenance of health and the pathogenesis of disease. The symbiotic relationship …

The host–gut microbiota interaction has been the focus of increasing interest in recent years.
It has been determined that this complex interaction is not only essential to many aspects of …