The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Organisms are defined by the information encoded in their genomes, and since the origin of
life this information has been encoded using a two-base-pair genetic alphabet (A–T and G …

Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

All natural organisms store genetic information in a four-letter, two-base-pair genetic
alphabet. The expansion of the genetic alphabet with two synthetic unnatural nucleotides …

While natural and synthetic N-nucleosides are vulnerable to enzymatic and acid-catalyzed
hydrolysis of the nucleosidic bond, their C-analogues are much more stable. Several C …

All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been
encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs …

Natural organisms use a four-letter genetic alphabet that makes available 64 triplet codons,
of which 61 are sense codons used to encode proteins with the 20 canonical amino acids …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

We synthesized a panel of unnatural base pairs whose pairing depends on hydrophobic
and packing forces and identify d TPT3-d NaM, which is PCR amplified with a natural base …