There is currently a growing concern that biocultural heritage is threatened in many
landscapes. This paper focuses on biological cultural heritage, broadly meaning biological …

Woody plants in water‐limited ecosystems affect their environment on multiple scales:
locally, natural stands can create islands of fertility for herb layer communities compared to …

Coppice systems are amongst the earliest forms of woodland management known, and on
some sites, their use has been documented for centuries. Distinctive assemblages of plants …

Central European mountains, including the Šumava Mountains located along the
Czechia/Germany border, have a long and rich anthropogenic history. Yet, documenting …

Many habitats in Europe have been managed by grazing for thousands of years. However,
extensive grazing systems are becoming increasingly rare in the region, and there is a lack …

Traditional rural social–ecological systems (SES) share many features which are crucial for
sustainable development. Eastern European countries such as Romania, are still rich in …

Romanian grasslands have high nature value, being among the most important biodiversity
hotspots at the European level. The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) …

Open oakwoods are ancient but currently vanishing plant communities of high conservation
value. We studied the vegetation of Eurasian steppic oakwoods in the Czech Republic …

Mountain agroecosystems deliver essential ecosystem services to society but are prone to
climate change as well as socio-economic pressures, making multi-functional land systems …

This chapter is a significant rewrite of the first edition, but excludes developments in the UK,
which are discussed in Chapter 4. For the past two decades, agroforestry has been an active …