The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

Light is necessary for vision; it enables us to sense and perceive our surroundings and in
many direct and indirect ways, via eye and skin, affects our physiological and psychological …

Light is necessary for human health and well-being. As we spend more time indoors, we are
being increasingly exposed to artificial light. The development of artificial lighting has …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Melanopsin is a short-wavelength-sensitive photopigment that was discovered only around
20 years ago. It is expressed in the cell bodies and processes of a subset of retinal ganglion …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

The majority of inherited retinal degenerations converge on the phenotype of photoreceptor
cell death. Second-and third-order neurons are spared in these diseases, making it possible …

LED light sources have a discontinuous light spectrum with a prominent 'blue'peak between
450 and 470 nm that influences non-image forming responses in humans. We tested an …

Light is the most important Zeitgeber for entraining animal activity rhythms to the 24-h day. In
all animals, the eyes are the main visual organs that are not only responsible for motion and …