The functional interplay between the corticolimbic GABAergic and opioidergic systems plays
a crucial role in regulating the reward system and cognitive aspects of motivational …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in
neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is central to motivation and action, exhibiting one of the
highest densities of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain. Within the NAc, NPY plays a role in …

Several studies have suggested that females and males differ in reward behaviors and their
underlying neural circuitry. Whether human sex differences extend across neural and …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction of
the arterial vasculature plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Nicotine …

Background: Cannabinoid consumption during pregnancy has been increasing on the wave
of the broad-based legalisation of cannabis in Western countries, raising concern about the …

Alcohol use disorder has multiple characteristics including excessive ethanol consumption,
impaired control over drinking behaviors, craving and withdrawal symptoms, compulsive …

Neuroimaging studies have revealed aberrant reward and loss processing in patients with
major depressive disorder (MDD). While most studies use monetary stimuli to study these …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the development of
anxiety and mood disorders. Low levels of NPY have been associated with risk for these …

Examination of the neurobiological processes associated with posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) over 35 years has allowed experts to conclude that no single dysregulated system …