Over the past decades, cancer immunotherapy has encountered challenges such as
immunogenicity, inefficiency, and cytotoxicity. Consequently, exosome-based cancer …

Tumor-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role in preparing the pre-metastatic niche,
promoting cancer dissemination, and regulating cancer cell dormancy. A brief review of …

Neoantigens serve as ideal personalized cancer vaccines because of their high
immunogenicity, ability to evade central thymic tolerance, and minimal risk of eliciting …

Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin tumor, exhibits notable features including
heterogeneity, a high mutational load, and innate immune escape. Despite advancements in …

Oncolytic viruses are novel and promising therapeutic regimens that promote antitumor
efficacy through multimode mechanisms, including direct lysis of tumor cells, release of the …

Retinal neovascularization (RNV), a major cause of blindness, is usually treated with anti-
VEGF drugs. Despite successes, incomplete patient responses push for alternative …

The dense stromal barrier in pancreatic cancer tissues blocks intratumoral delivery and
distribution of chemotherapeutics and therapeutic antibodies, causing poor …

Cancer immunotherapy, a field within immunology that aims to enhance the host's anti‐
cancer immune response, frequently encounters challenges associated with suboptimal …

For unique surface plasmon absorption and fluorescence characteristics, gold nanorods
have been developed and widely employed in the biomedical field. However, limitations still …

Achieving precise delivery has always been a key challenge in the development of
nanomedicine to treat cancer. Intelligent stimulus-responsive nanocarriers imbued with …