Redox reactions play important roles in almost all biological processes, including
photosynthesis and respiration, which are two essential energy processes that sustain all life …

Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a small soluble heme protein characterized by a relatively flexible
structure, particularly in the ferric form, such that it is able to sample a broad conformational …

Tetrapyrrole-containing proteins are one of the most fundamental classes of enzymes in
nature and it remains an open question to give a chemical rationale for the multitude of …

Redox potentials are a major contributor in controlling the electron transfer (ET) rates and
thus regulating the ET processes in the bioenergetics. To maximize the efficiency of the ET …

Conspectus Hemes are ubiquitous in biology and carry out a wide range of functions. The
heme group is largely invariant across proteins with different functions, although there are a …

The structure–function relationship is at the heart of biology, and major protein deformations
are correlated to specific functions. For ferrous heme proteins, doming is associated with the …

Heme proteins are known to perform a plethora of biologically important functions. This
article reviews work that has been conducted on various class I cytochrome c proteins over a …

Heme is an essential and functionally versatile cofactor. Our understanding of how the
environment of a heme in a protein tunes its function has benefited from spectroscopic and …

The heme in cytochromes c undergoes a conserved out-of-plane distortion known as
ruffling. For cytochromes c from the bacteria Hydrogenobacter thermophilus and …

Recent advances in enzymatic electrosynthesis of desired chemicals in biological-inorganic
hybrid systems has generated interest because it can use renewable energy inputs and …