The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

We use mental models of the world—cognitive maps—to guide behavior. The lateral
orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) is typically thought to support behavior by deploying these maps …

Adaptive reward-related decision making requires accurate prospective consideration of the
specific outcome of each option and its current desirability. These mental simulations are …

The multiple-memory-systems framework—that distinct types of memory are supported by
distinct brain systems—has guided learning and memory research for decades. However …

Predictive learning can engage a selective form of cognitive control that biases choice
between actions based on information about future outcomes that the learning provides …

Subjective value is a core concept in neuroeconomics, serving as the basis for decision
making. Despite the extensive literature on the neural encoding of subjective reward value …

Transient changes in the firing of midbrain dopamine neurons have been closely tied to the
unidimensional value-based prediction error contained in temporal difference reinforcement …

Adaptive reward-related decision making requires accurate prospective consideration of the
specific outcome of each option and its current desirability. Often this information must be …

In a constantly changing environment, organisms must track the current relationship
between actions and their specific consequences and use this information to guide decision …