The specialties of allergy and clinical immunology have entered the era of precision
medicine with the stratification of diseases into distinct disease subsets, specific diagnoses …

INTRODUCTION The innate immune system uses a variety of sensor proteins to detect
infections and injuries. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat …

Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified as a key player in the posttranscriptional
regulation of cellular‐genes regulatory pathways. They also emerged as a significant …

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19), a global healthcare and economic catastrophe. Understanding of the host …

COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a pandemic by the World
Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. While awaiting a vaccine, several antivirals are …

Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway
inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even …

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the commonest cause of the common cold. While HRV is
less pathogenic than other respiratory viruses, it is frequently associated with exacerbation …

Influenza virus A (IVA) is one of the predominant causative agents of the seasonal flu and
has become an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Great efforts have been paid to …

Influenza A virus can induce nasal inflammation by stimulating the death of nasal mucosa
epithelium, however, the mechanism is not clear. In this study, to study the causes and …

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is a symptomatic disease classification of many causes and is a major
economic burden worldwide. It is widely accepted that RS is further classified into acute …