Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR)
signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Gap junctions are essential to the function of multicellular animals, which require a high
degree of coordination between cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions comprise connexins and …

In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes form networks interconnected by gap
junctions made from connexins of the subtypes Cx30 and Cx43. When unopposed by an …

Intercellular calcium (Ca2+) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in
intracellular Ca2+ through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism …

Accumulating evidence suggests that spinal cord astrocytes play an important role in
neuropathic pain sensitization by releasing astrocytic mediators (eg cytokines, chemokines …

Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord,
largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The …

Communication between neuronal and glial cells is important for many brain functions.
Astrocytes can modulate synaptic strength via Ca2+-stimulated release of various …