Sleep and arousal from sleep are associated with profound changes in cardiovascular and
respiratory functions. Fluctuations of arterial blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), and …

The brainstem contains several critical areas involved in control of behavioral arousal, wake-
sleep cycle, cardiovascular function, and respiration. Sleep and arousal are associated with …

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with forelimb training drives robust, specific
reorganization of movement representations in the motor cortex. This effect is hypothesized …

Key Points The influence of specific carotid body (CB) normoxic hypocapnia, hypercapnia
and normocapnia on the ventilatory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to systemic …

The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality
in the United States, is typically associated with a sleep period. Previously, we showed …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of the
dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. In addition to deficits in voluntary movement, PD …

The lateral parafacial region (pFL; which encompasses the parafacial respiratory group,
pFRG) is a conditional oscillator that drives active expiration during periods of high …

Development of the respiratory system can be affected by the use of drugs during
pregnancy, as the prenatal phase is highly sensitive to pharmacological interventions …

Key points Expiratory muscles (abdominal and thoracic) can be recruited when respiratory
drive increases under conditions of increased respiratory demand such as hypercapnia …

Key points• Carbon dioxide (CO2) provides a major chemical stimulus to breathe, primarily
through the activity of CO2/pH sensors called chemoreceptors in the brainstem and in the …