Wild birds of the orders Anseriforme s (mainly ducks, geese and swans) and
Charadriiformes (mainly gulls, terns and waders) constitute the natural reservoir for low …

The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes.
Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans) …

For several years, poultry production in Egypt has been suffering from co‐circulation of
multiple respiratory viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 …

Dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play
different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. Influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology in …

Continuous circulation of influenza A (H5N1) virus among poultry in Egypt has created an
epicenter in which the viruses evolve into newer subclades and continue to cause disease …

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza
viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically …

Background Birds' survey is the best method to understand different species distribution,
abundance, and diversity. The present study aimed to survey wild birds, using point count …

Wild aquatic birds are recognized as the natural reservoir of avian influenza A viruses (AIV),
but across high and low pathogenic AIV strains, scientists have yet to rigorously identify most …

Abstract Background The endemic H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (A/H5N1)
in poultry in Egypt continues to cause heavy losses in poultry and poses a significant threat …

Outside Asia, Egypt is considered to be an influenza H5N1 epicentre and presents a far
greater pandemic risk than other countries. The long-term endemicity of H5N1 and the …