Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …

NAC proteins constitute one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, and
the family is present in a wide range of land plants. Here, we summarize the biological and …

The NAC domain was originally characterized from consensus sequences from petunia
NAM and from Arabidopsis ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2. Genes containing the NAC domain …

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common developmental anomaly and are the
leading non-infectious cause of mortality in newborns. Only one causative gene, NKX2-5 …

Gene silencing was perceived initially as an unpredictable and inconvenient side effect of
introducing transgenes into plants. It now seems that it is the consequence of accidentally …

Movement of RNAs between cells of a single plant is well documented, but cross-species
RNA transfer is largely unexplored. Cuscuta pentagona (dodder) is a parasitic plant that …

The presence of microRNA species in plant phloem sap suggests potential signaling roles
by long‐distance regulation of gene expression. Proof for such a role for a phloem‐mobile …

A large set of endogenous small RNAs of predominantly 21 to 24 nucleotides was identified
in Arabidopsis. These small RNAs resembled micro-RNAs from animals and were similar in …

Downregulation of the expression of specific genes through RNA interference (RNAi), has
been widely used for genetic research in insects. The method has relied on the injection of …

Root development is remarkably sensitive to variations in the supply and distribution of
inorganic nutrients in the soil. Here we review examples of the ways in which nutrients such …