Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors playing a fundamental role in
sensing microbial invasion and initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are …

Sepsis following surgical injury remains a growing and worrisome problem following both
emergent and elective surgery. Although early resuscitation efforts and prompt antibiotic …

Objectives: In the past decade, guidelines have been developed for the early detection and
management of severe sepsis in children and neonates. However, severe sepsis continues …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer
membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by …

Introduction Sepsis is a devastating condition that is generally treated as a single disease.
Identification of meaningfully distinct clusters may improve research, treatment and …

Significance: Traumatic injury elicits a complex, dynamic, multidimensional inflammatory
response that is intertwined with complications such as multiple organ dysfunction and …

Macrophages are central to the inflammatory response and its ability to resolve effectively.
They are complex cells that adopt a range of subtypes depending on the tissue type and …

Sepsis, during which the intestinal epithelial barrier is frequently disrupted, remains a
challenging and life-threatening problem in clinical practice. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is …

Sepsis is a complex immune disorder with a mortality rate of 20–50% and currently has no
therapeutic interventions. It is thus critical to identify and characterize molecules/factors …

Sepsis and septic shock remain the leading causes of death in intensive care units (ICUs),
yet the pathogenesis originating from the inflammatory response during sepsis remains …