Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected more than seven million people …

Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the
organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for …

Cells must adapt to changes in their environment to maintain cell, tissue and organismal
integrity in the face of mechanical, chemical or microbiological stress. Nuclear factor-κB (NF …

Except for an essential step for the pathology of multiple diseases including atherosclerosis
and rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation is an imperative therapeutic target for developing …

The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play
an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro …