This paper reviews the worldwide situation regarding avian influenza infections in poultry
from 1997 to March 2004. The increase in the number of primary introductions and the …

Influenza A virus infections result in∼ 500,000 human deaths per year and many more
sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses …

Abstract Since 1997, avian influenza (AI) virus infections in poultry have taken on new
significance, with increasing numbers of cases involving bird-to-human transmission and the …

Objective—To identify risk factors associated with the spread of low pathogenicity H7N2
avian influenza (AI) virus among commercial poultry farms in western Virginia during an …

An epidemic of high pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) occurred in the Netherlands in
2003. A census survey of 173 infected and 401 uninfected commercial poultry farms was …

In recent years, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused
the death of millions of poultry and of more than 200 humans worldwide. A proper …

Background A new reassortant influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged early 2013 in eastern
China. Exposure to H7N9 infected poultry at live bird markets (LBM) was implicated as the …

The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes.
Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans) …

We evaluated the effects of risk factors and control policies following the highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic that struck northern Italy's poultry industry in the winter of …

Wild migratory birds are associated with global avian influenza virus (AIV) spread. Although
direct contact with wild birds and contaminated fomites is unlikely in modern non-free range …