Research question Match official abuse (MOA) in team sports has become a prominent
issue within sport management; the effects of MOA on the safety, wellbeing and retention of …

The importance of umpire during competition makes it essential to identify in detail the
referee's performance. The present study aimed to carry out a bibliographic review that …

Sporting culture often celebrates mental toughness and chides weakness, which can
stigmatize mental health issues. While some sport organizations have prioritized addressing …

Sports officials (eg, referees, umpires, judges) can experience distress from a multitude of
sources, including episodes of verbal and physical abuse from spectators, coaches, and …

Objectives Soccer referees are challenged by physiological, professional, and mental
demands which require them to exercise self-control for optimal performance. We applied …

The soccer referee confronts stressful situations during the sports competition while
performing physical actions of great demand to be close to the play that entails a high …

In this study, the three-person officiating (3PO) principle was employed as an innovative
method to examine decision-making (DM) processes among basketball referees. We aimed …

Previous researchers have indicated that a sense of community and social support are vital
to referee retention; however, little is known about the connection between specific …

El árbitro de fútbol se enfrenta a situaciones estresantes durante la competición deportiva
mientras que lleva a cabo acciones físicas de gran exigencia para estar cerca de la jugada …

Los árbitros de futbol requieren de una singular preparación física, táctica y psicológica
para hacer frente a las exigencias del partido y realizar una eficiente actuación. Los factores …