This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Current models of conditioned fear expression and extinction involve the basolateral
amygdala (BLA), ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the hippocampus (HPC) …

The last 10 years have witnessed a surge of interest for the mechanisms underlying the
acquisition and extinction of classically conditioned fear responses. In part, this results from …

The brain anxiety network is composed of a number of interconnected cortical regions that
detect threats and execute appropriate defensive responses via projections to the shell of …

Although fear research has largely focused on the amygdala, recent findings highlight
cortical control of the amygdala in the service of fear regulation. In rodent models, it is …

Fear conditioning and fear extinction are Pavlovian conditioning paradigms extensively
used to study the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation. The neural …

Recent advances indicate that the amygdala represents valence: a general
appetitive/aversive affective characteristic that bears similarity to the neuroeconomic concept …