Chromium (Cr) is an element naturally occurring in rocky soils and volcanic dust. It has been
classified as a carcinogen agent according to the International Agency for Research on …

Lead (Pb) is the second most toxic heavy metal after arsenic (As), which has no role in
biological systems. Pb toxicity causes a range of damages to plants from germination to …

Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature,
salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and …

Heavy metal (HM) stress in plants has received considerable global attention as it threatens
sustainable growth in agriculture worldwide. Hence, desperate efforts have been …

Heavy metal (HM)-mediated toxic effects on plants have attained considerable attention
worldwide as they directly threaten the food supply chain. Although various measures have …

Phytohormones act as chemical messengers and, under a complex regulation, allow plants
to sustain biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, phytohormones are known for their regulatory …

Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils is one of main concerns causing some of the
different ecological and environmental problems. Excess accumulation of these metals in …

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one
important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by …

Heavy metals are natural non-biodegradable constituents of the Earth's crust that
accumulate and persist indefinitely in the ecosystem as a result of human activities. Since …

Nanotechnology is one of the promising techniques and shares wide ranges of applications
almost in every field of life. Nanomaterials are getting continuous attractions due to specific …