The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an ongoing and troubling development that
has increased the number of diseases and infections that risk going untreated. There is an …

Many important protein functions are carried out through proton-coupled conformational
dynamics. Thus, the ability to accurately model protonation states dynamically has wide …

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become a focus of interest in biomedicine due to their
unique properties. By attaching peptides to these nanoparticles (NPs), they can be utilized …

A key step in infections by enveloped viruses, such as influenza, is the fusion between the
viral envelope and the host cell membrane, which allows the virus to insert its genetic …

Paramyxoviruses are enveloped viruses harboring a negative-sense RNA genome that must
enter the host's cells to replicate. In the case of the parainfluenza virus, the cell entry process …

Almost all biological reactions are pH-dependent and understanding the origin of pH
dependence requires knowledge of the pKa's of ionizable groups. Here, we report a new …

Procambarus clarkii was harvested in different months (April, May, and June) and classified
to different groups based on weight (small, 10–20 g; medium, 20–30 g; and large, 30–40 g) …

X-ray crystallography is an important technique to determine the positions of atoms in a
protein crystal. However, because the native environment in which proteins function, is not a …

The entry of influenza virus into the host cell requires fusion of its lipid envelope with the host
membrane. It is catalysed by viral hemagglutinin protein, whose fragments called fusion …

The surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza virus plays a pivotal role in
facilitating viral infection by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells. Its conformational …