Myosin motors power movements on actin filaments, whereas dynein and kinesin motors
power movements on microtubules. The mechanisms of these motor proteins differ, but, in …

The endocytic pathway is essential for processes that define how cells interact with their
environment, including receptor signalling, cell adhesion and migration, pathogen entry …

Autonomous chemically fueled molecular machines that function through information ratchet
mechanisms underpin the nonequilibrium processes that sustain life. These biomolecular …

Until recently, dynein was the least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. However, a wealth
of new structural, mechanistic, and cell biological data is shedding light on how this …

Membranes of intracellular organelles are characterized by large curvatures with radii of the
order of 10–30 nm. While, generally, membrane curvature can be a consequence of any …

Gene expression universally relies on protein synthesis, where ribosomes recognize and
decode the messenger RNA template by cycling through translation initiation, elongation …

Mitotic spindles are self-organizing protein machines that harness teams of multiple force
generators to drive chromosome segregation. Kinesins are key members of these force …

Two mechanisms have been proposed for the function of motor proteins: The power stroke
and the Brownian ratchet. The former refers to generation of a large downhill free energy …

Kinesin-1 is a dimeric motor that transports cargo along microtubules, taking 8.2-nm steps in
a hand-over-hand fashion. The ATP hydrolysis cycles of its two heads are maintained out of …

Hemidesmosomes are specialized cell-matrix adhesion structures that are associated with
the keratin cytoskeleton. Although the adhesion function of hemidesmosomes has been …