Successful regeneration of large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in
clinical orthopedics, thus it is of important significance to fabricate a suitable alternative …

Collagen mineralization is a biological process in many skeletal elements in the animal
kingdom. Examples of these collagen‐based skeletons are the siliceous spicules of glass …

During bone formation, collagen fibrils mineralize with carbonated hydroxyapatite, leading to
a hybrid material with excellent properties. Other minerals are also known to nucleate within …

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with
hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in …

Hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced collagen fibrils serve as the basic building blocks of natural
bone and dentin. Mineralization of collagen fibrils play an essential role in ensuring the …

Bone tissue, by definition, is an organic–inorganic nanocomposite, where metabolically
active cells are embedded within a matrix that is heavily calcified on the nanoscale …

Biomineralization is an attractive pathway to produce mineral-based biomaterials with high
performance and hierarchical structures. To date, the biomineralization process and …

Background A considerable number of studies has been carried out to develop alloplastic
bone graft materials such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) that mimic the hierarchical structure of …

Biological hard tissues such as bones always contain extremely high levels of citrate, which
is believed to play an important role in bone formation as well as in osteoporosis treatments …

“Non-classical” notions consider formation pathways of crystalline materials where larger
species than monomeric chemical constituents, ie, ions or single molecules, play crucial …