The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex,
involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune …

Annual seasonal influenza vaccines are composed of two influenza A strains representing
the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, and two influenza B strains representing the Victoria and …

We engineered three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
viruses containing key spike mutations from the newly emerged United Kingdom (UK) and …

Modified mRNA vaccines have developed into an effective and well-tolerated vaccine
platform that offers scalable and precise antigen production. Nevertheless, the …

Influenza D virus (FLUDV) was isolated from diseased pigs with respiratory disease
symptoms in 2011, and since then the new virus has also been spread to cattle. Little is …

Since the 2008/9 influenza season, the I-MOVE multicentre case–control study measures
influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically-attended influenza-like-illness (ILI) …

Initial COVID-19 vaccine candidates were based on the original sequence of SARS-CoV-2.
However, the virus has since accumulated mutations, among which the spike D614G is …

Vaccination is the most effective method of controlling seasonal influenza infections and
preventing possible pandemic events. Although influenza vaccines have been licensed and …

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for
yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is …

Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in
2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural …