Traditionally, vaccines have been developed by cultivating infectious agents and isolating
the inactivated whole pathogen or some of its purified components. 20 years ago, reverse …

Recent advances allow aging-associated changes in B-cell function to be approached at a
mechanistic level. Reduced expression of genes crucial to lineage commitment and …

During seasonal influenza epidemics, disease burden is shouldered predominantly by the
very young and the elderly. Elderly individuals are particularly affected, in part because …

Vaccination and infection promote the formation, tissue distribution, and clonal evolution of B
cells, which encode humoral immune memory. We evaluated pediatric and adult blood and …

It is well known that older people are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from
infectious diseases, particularly from pulmonary diseases such as pneumococcal …

Immune protection against pulmonary infections, such as seasonal flu and invasive
pneumonia, is severely attenuated with age, and vaccination regimes for the elderly people …

Immunosenescence contributes to the decreased ability of the elderly to control infectious
diseases, which is also reflected in their generally poor response to new antigens and …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant human pathogen and currently available
pneumococcal vaccines are designed to elicit anti-capsule antibodies. The 23-valent …

Nearly all licensed vaccines have been developed to confer protection against infectious
diseases by stimulating the production of antibodies by B cells, but the nature of a successful …

A diverse B cell repertoire is essential for an effective immune response. Not only to provide
a variety of antibodies to recognise the multiplicity of likely pathogen challenge, but also …