BACKGROUND Human reproduction depends on an intact hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal
(HPG) axis. Hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been recognized …

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has an incidence of 1–10 cases per
100,000 births. About 60% of patients with IHH present with associated anosmia, also …

From a wealth of experimental findings, derived from both in vitro and in vivo experiments, it
is becoming clear that fibroblast growth factors regulate processes that are central to all …

This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed
puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both …

Background Kallmann syndrome (KS), comprised of congenital hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism (HH) and anosmia, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Its …

The generation and targeting of appropriate numbers and types of neurons to where they
are needed in the brain is essential for the establishment, maintenance and modification of …

The neuroendocrine control of reproduction in mammals is governed by a neural
hypothalamic network of nearly 1500 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting …

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disease characterized by hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism and impaired sense of smell. The genetic causes underlying this syndrome …

The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure the survival of the species by
passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. This is accomplished through …

Brain development is an organized, but constantly adaptive, process in which genetic and
epigenetic signals allow neurons to differentiate, to migrate, and to develop correct …