It has been 30 years since the intestinal sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 was cloned,
and, in the intervening years, there have been many advances that have influenced …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. This fluid is
continuously replenished by net fluid extraction from the vasculature by the secretory action …

Despite the development of massively parallel computing hardware including inexpensive
graphics processing units (GPUs), it has remained infeasible to simulate the folding of …

The small intestine is void of aquaporins adept at facilitating vectorial water transport, and
yet it reabsorbs∼ 8 liters of fluid daily. Implications of the sodium glucose cotransporter …

Chronic constipation is a highly common functional gastrointestinal disorder that adversely
affects patient quality of life. At present, limited therapeutic options are available for the …

Membrane transporters, in addition to their major role as specific carriers for ions and small
molecules, can also behave as water channels. However, neither the location of the water …

Secondary active transporters, such as those that adopt the leucine-transporter fold, are
found in all domains of life, and they have the unique capability of harnessing the energy …

Active transport of materials across the cellular membrane is one the most fundamental
processes in biology. In order to accomplish this task, membrane transporters rely on a wide …

Membrane transport is generally thought to occur via an alternating access mechanism in
which the transporter adopts at least two states, accessible from two different sides of the …

The electrostatic properties of membrane proteins often reveal many of their key biophysical
characteristics, such as ion channel selectivity and the stability of charged membrane …