Research on electrostatic double layers (DLs) is surveyed and astrophysical applications
are reviewed. Strong highly relativistic DLs directly accelerate equal numbers of ions and …

The auroral zone ionosphere is coupled to the outer magnetosphere by means of field-
aligned currents. Parallel electric fields associated with these currents are now widely …

The wave experiment of the Viking satellite frequently detected dynamic small-scale (≃ 100
m), large-amplitude, rarefactive (| Δ nn|≲ 5 0%) solitary waves of negative potential (| φ|≲ 2 …

The present 15th volume of the ISSI Space Science Series is devoted to Auroral Plasma
Physics. The aurora is arguably the most intriguing phenomenon in space plasma physics …

A strong, current-free, electric double-layer with eΦ/kT e∼ 3 and a thickness of less than 50
debye lengths has been experimentally observed in an expanding, high-density helicon …

Twenty‐two theoretical mechanisms for auroral arcs are examined (12 electron‐acceleration
mechanisms and 10 generator mechanisms) and a characteristic auroral‐arc thickness is …

Abstract The Polar Satellite carries the first three-axis electric field detector flown in the
magnetosphere. Its direct measurement of electric field components perpendicular and …

Characteristics of solitary waves observed by Polar in the high altitude cusp, polar cap and
plasma sheet boundary are reported and compared to observations in the auroral zone. The …

In the past two decades a succession of direct observations by satellites, and of extensive
computer simulations, has led to the realization that the polar ionosphere plays a principal …

A finite amplitude theory for an ion‐acoustic double layer (DL) in a plasma with cold ions
and two distinct groups of Boltzmann–Maxwellian distributed hot electrons is presented …