Codon optimization describes gene engineering approaches that use synonymous codon
changes to increase protein production. Applications for codon optimization include …

Engineered biological systems such as genetic circuits and microbial cell factories have
promised to solve many challenges in the modern society. However, the artisanal processes …

The design of proteins that bind to a specific site on the surface of a target protein using no
information other than the three-dimensional structure of the target remains a challenge …

Advances in DNA sequencing and machine learning are providing insights into protein
sequences and structures on an enormous scale. However, the energetics driving folding …

Recently it has become possible to de novo design high affinity protein binding proteins from
target structural information alone. There is, however, considerable room for improvement as …

Targeting the interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) …

Abstract N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modified nucleotide in mRNA,,
with around 25% of mRNAs containing at least one m6A. Methylation of mRNA to form m6A …

Proteins fold into unique native structures stabilized by thousands of weak interactions that
collectively overcome the entropic cost of folding. Although these forces are “encoded” in the …

De novo protein design holds promise for creating small stable proteins with shapes
customized to bind therapeutic targets. We describe a massively parallel approach for …

Heterologous expression is the main approach for recombinant protein production ingenetic
synthesis, for which codon optimization is necessary. The existing optimization methods are …