Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–urocortin (UCN) system has been
implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been …

The gut microbiota has recently emerged as an important regulator of brain physiology and
behaviour in animals, and ingestion of certain bacteria (probiotics) therefore appear to be a …

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a central integrator in the brain of endocrine and
behavioral stress responses, whereas activation of the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor …

Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have
included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …

Areas 24a and 24b of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) play a major role in cognition,
emotion and pain. While their connectivity has been studied in primate and in rat, a complete …

Research suggests sleep plays a role in the consolidation of recently acquired memories for
long-term storage. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been shown to play a complex role …

Fear acquisition and extinction are valid models for the etiology and treatment of anxiety,
trauma-and stressor-related disorders. These disorders are assumed to involve aversive …

Traumatic events during early life have been linked with later life psychopathology. To
understand this risk factor, researchers have studied the effects of prenatal and postnatal …