Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary
route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts
of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to
protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) …

Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause
high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has …

In this study, commercial broilers were experimentally infected with single (classical IBV,
variant IBV or AIV-H9N2) or mixed AIV-H9N2 with classical, variant or vaccine strains of IBV …

This study investigated the humoral immunization of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS)
against H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) infection in chickens. The effects of APS …

Abstract Since 1997, G1-lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Asia
and later on in the Middle East, and they have been associated to mild respiratory disease …

Three marine macroalgae, ie, Grateloupia filicina, Ulva pertusa and Sargassum
qingdaoense, were selected as the deputies of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta …

The duck and chicken are important hosts of avian influenza virus (AIV) with distinctive
responses to infection. Frequently, AIV infections in ducks are asymptomatic and long …

Avian influenza and infectious laryngeotracheitis viruses are common causes of respiratory
diseases in chickens with economical importance worldwide. In this study, we investigated …