Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is in charge of numerous
catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways to sustain appropriate intracellular adenosine …

Since the discovery of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), its fundamental role in
regulating metabolic pathways and the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of its …

Glucose uptake and energy metabolism in the brain are regulated by insulin and insulin-like
growth factors (IGF). Recent studies demonstrated progressive deficiencies in brain insulin …

Oxidative stress and deficient bioenergetics are key players in the pathological process of
cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R). As a mitochondrial iron storage protein …

The molecular basis of migraine is still not completely understood. An impairment of
mitochondrial oxidative metabolism might play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized
clinically by progressive memory loss and impaired cognitive function. Its progression occurs …

Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is currently the only evidence‐based treatment strategy
for glaucoma. However, IOP control in some individuals is challenging. Despite optimal …

The major populations of cholinergic neurons in the brain include two “projection” systems,
located in the pontine reticular formation and in the basal forebrain. These two complexes …

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) has
long been proposed as leading to random deleterious modification of macromolecules with …

Mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that
acts as a sensor of cellular energy status. It is activated by a large variety of cellular stresses …