The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Stress can be defined as a brain–body reaction towards stimuli arising from the environment
or from internal cues that are interpreted as a disruption of homeostasis. The organization of …

The concept of 'cognitive reserve', and a broader theory of 'brain reserve', were originally
proposed to help explain epidemiological data indicating that individuals who engaged in …

We here show that living in a stimulus‐rich environment (ENR) improves water maze
learning with respect to specific key indicators that in previous loss‐of‐function experiments …

Aging is a physiological process that can develop without the appearance of concurrent
diseases. However, very frequently, older people suffer from memory loss and an …

Almost since the beginning of research on Tourette syndrome (TS), tics have been linked to
a dysfunction of the dopamine (DA) system. At first, this assumption was mainly based on …

Executive functions supported by prefrontal cortical (PFC) systems provide essential control
and planning mechanisms to guide goal-directed behavior. As such, age-related alterations …

Music-making is a widespread leisure and professional activity that has garnered interest
over the years due to its effect on brain and cognitive development and its potential as a …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) efferent projections to limbic areas facilitate a top-down control
on the execution of goal-directed behaviours. The PFC sends glutamatergic outputs to limbic …

Stress exposure can produce profound changes in physiology and behavior that can impair
health and well-being. Of note, stress exposure is linked to anxiety disorders and depression …