Alveolar macrophages (AMs) represent a unique leukocyte population that responds to
airborne irritants and microbes. This distinct microenvironment coordinates the maturation of …

Cigarette smoking is a worldwide epidemic and the most prevalent cause of many diseases
leading to increased morbidity and mortality globally. The impact of smoking on …

Aims Pyroptosis and inflammation are involved in the development of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the cigarette smoke-mediated mechanism of COPD …

When exposed to a specific microenvironment, macrophages acquire either M1-or M2-
polarized phenotypes associated with inflammation and tissue remodeling, respectively …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family includes the p38 kinases, which consist
of highly conserved proline-directed serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated in …

Background: The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of the
prevalence and adverse effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) in …

Cigarette smoking has been implicated in causing many cancers and cancer deaths. There
is mounting evidence indicating that smoking negatively impacts cancer treatment efficacy …

Background Although lung cancer is among the few malignancies for which we know the
primary etiological agent (ie, cigarette smoke), a precise understanding of the temporal …

Background Many studies have evaluated chemical, heavy metal, and other abiotic
substances present in cigarettes and their roles in the development of lung cancer and other …

Background Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic
inflammatory diseases of the airway. Current treatment options (long acting β-adrenoceptor …