Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …

CRISPR-Cas13 proteins are RNA-guided RNA nucleases that defend against incoming
RNA and DNA phages by binding to complementary target phage transcripts followed by …

Bacteriophages typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for
replication. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of …

Many bacterial and archaeal organisms use clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats–CRISPR associated (CRISPR–Cas) systems to defend themselves …

CRISPR–Cas is a widespread adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea that
protects against viral infection by targeting specific invading nucleic acid sequences …

Prokaryotes have developed numerous defense strategies to combat the constant threat
posed by the diverse genetic parasites that endanger them. Clustered regularly interspaced …

In recent years, bacteriophage research has been boosted by a rising interest in using
phage therapy to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. In addition, there is a desire to …

Advances in imaging technologies have revealed that many bacteria possess organelles
with a proteomically defined lumen and a macromolecular boundary. Some are bound by a …

Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viral predators that have primarily been studied using fast-
growing laboratory cultures of their bacterial hosts. However, microbial life in nature is …