When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

Outdoor recreation is increasing in intensity and space. Areas previously inaccessible are
now being visited by ever‐growing numbers of people, which increases human–wildlife …

We present a framework to explain how prey stress responses to predation can resolve
context dependency in ecosystem properties and functions such as food chain length …

Predators affect prey demography through direct predation and through the costs of
antipredator behavioral responses, or risk effects. Experiments have shown that risk effects …

Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses often examine data from diverse taxa to identify
general patterns of effect sizes. Meta‐analyses that focus on identifying generalisations in a …

The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress
physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology …

Despite the taxonomic, behavioral, and lifestyle diversity among reptile species, behavioral
consistency in reptiles has not been examined to the extent that it has been in fish, birds …

Maintaining energy balance and reproducing are important for fitness, yet animals have
evolved mechanisms by which the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis …

Current models in biological psychiatry focus on a handful of model species, and the
majority of work relies on data generated in rodents. However, in the same sense that a …

In response to stressful events, most vertebrates rapidly elevate plasma glucocorticoid
levels. Corticosterone release stimulates physiological and behavioral responses that can …