Periodontitis is a complex disease:(a) various causative factors play a role simultaneously
and interact with each other; and (b) the disease is episodic in nature, and bursts of disease …

Inflammation is a natural defence response of the immune system against environmental
insult, stress and injury, but hyper-and hypo-inflammatory responses can trigger diseases …

Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) have been associated with
many non-skeletal disorders. However, whether low 25 (OH) D is the cause or result of ill …

Cigarette smoke is a representative source of toxic chemical exposures to humans, and the
adverse consequences of cigarette smoking are mediated by its effect on both neuronal and …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

Age-related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in the elderly.
Genetics, environmental insults, and age-related issues are risk factors for the development …

Cytokines are signalling molecules, which play an important role in both immune system
function and brain development and function, and subsequently mental states and …

The issue of electronic cigarettes is one of the most controversial topics in public health.
There is intense debate and dividing opinions about their use patterns, health effects and …

Cells constantly produce oxidizing species because of their metabolic activity, which is
counteracted by the continuous production of antioxidant species to maintain the …

There are distinct racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with Black
individuals at much greater risk than White individuals. Although many factors contribute to …