The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain
imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry …

Objective To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in
chronic migraine. Background OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive …

The large Trp gene family encodes transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins that form
novel cation-selective ion channels. In mammals, 28 Trp channel genes have been …

Purpose: Overactive bladder affects 12% to 17% of the general population and almost a
third experience urinary incontinence, which may severely impact health related quality of …

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has widespread physiological effects beyond the
disruption of sensory and motor function, notably the loss of normal autonomic and …

Micturition, or urination, occurs involuntarily in infants and young children until the age of 3
to 5 years, after which it is regulated voluntarily. The neural circuitry that controls this process …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) usually affects younger age groups with male preponderance. The
most common traumatic cause is road traffic accident followed by sports accidents and gun …