Apoptosis, as a very important biological process, is a response to developmental cues or
cellular stress. Impaired apoptosis plays a central role in the development of cancer and …

Regulated cell death (RCD), also well-known as programmed cell death (PCD), refers to the
form of cell death that can be regulated by a variety of biomacromolecules, which is …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of cancer cell death triggered by certain
chemotherapeutic drugs, oncolytic viruses, physicochemical therapies, photodynamic …

The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Cullin RING E3 ligase is an essential enzyme in the ubiquitin-
proteasome system that recruits substrates such as the hypoxia inducible factor for …

Curative cancer therapy remains a major challenge particularly in cancers displaying
multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR phenotype is characterized by cross-resistance to a …

Mitochondria are the key energy-producing organelles and cellular source of reactive
species. They are responsible for managing cell life and death by a balanced homeostasis …

Cell death by apoptosis and permanent cell cycle arrest by senescence serve as barriers to
the development of cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents not only induce apoptosis, they can …

One of the primary causes of attenuated or loss of efficacy of cancer chemotherapy is the
emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Numerous studies have been published …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of human breast cancer with one of the
worst prognoses, with no targeted therapeutic strategies currently available. Regulated cell …

MicroRNAs are small noncoding transcripts that posttranscriptionally regulate gene
expression via base-pairing complementarity. Their role in cancer can be related to tumor …