Indirect development with an intermediate larva exists in all major animal lineages, which
makes larvae central to most scenarios of animal evolution,,,,,,,,–. Yet how larvae evolved …

Many animals undergo indirect development, where their embryogenesis produces an
intermediate life stage, or larva, that is often free‐living and later metamorphoses into an …

Conserved cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control Engrailed-, Pax2-, and dachshund-
related gene expression networks directing the formation and function of corresponding …

Background Annelids are a diverse group of segmented worms within Spiralia, whose
embryos exhibit spiral cleavage and a variety of larval forms. While most modern …

Over the last few decades, the annelid Capitella teleta has been used increasingly as a
study system for investigations of development and regeneration. Its favorable properties …

Background The evolution of central nervous systems (CNSs) is a fascinating and complex
topic; further work is needed to understand the genetic and developmental homology …

This article addresses the question of the role of morphallactic and epimorphic events in
regeneration and asexual reproduction in annelids. It was shown that tissue reorganization …

BMP signaling is involved in many aspects of metazoan development, with two of the most
conserved functions being to pattern the dorsal-ventral axis and to specify neural versus …

Background Nervous system development is an interplay of many processes: the formation
of individual neurons, which depends on whole-body and local patterning processes, and …

The TGF-β superfamily comprises two distinct branches: the Activin/Nodal and BMP
pathways. During development, signaling by this superfamily regulates a variety of …